The growing demand for green energy has increased the importance of Electric Vehicles (EVs), which mainly use Lithium-Ion batteries due to their high energy density. Since these batteries must operate within safe limits, a Battery Management System (BMS) is essential.

This system uses a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller to monitor battery voltage and temperature through connected sensors. When the battery charge level drops, the controller activates a relay to start the charging process automatically. It also calculates important battery parameters such as State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH).

The measured voltage, SOC, SOH, and temperature values are displayed on an LCD for real-time monitoring. If the temperature exceeds the safety limit, a buzzer is activated to alert the user.

For remote monitoring, the NodeMCU sends battery data to the ThingSpeak IoT cloud platform using its built-in Wi-Fi. This enables users to track battery performance and system status from anywhere through a mobile phone or computer.

The entire system is programmed using Embedded C in the Arduino IDE, which manages sensor readings, charging control, display updates, safety alerts, and IoT communication.

Objectives:

  To design a battery monitoring system using the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller.

  To measure battery voltage continuously for monitoring battery condition.

  To monitor battery temperature using a temperature sensor to ensure safe operation.

  To calculate battery parameters such as State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH).

  To automatically control battery charging using a relay module when the battery voltage becomes low.

  To display battery voltage, temperature, SOC, and SOH values on the LCD display for real-time monitoring.

  To provide a safety alert using a buzzer when the temperature exceeds the safe limit.

  To upload battery monitoring data such as voltage, temperature, SOC, and SOH to the cloud using the ThingSpeak IoT platform for remote monitoring.

  To improve battery safety, efficiency, and monitoring using IoT technology.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• NodeMCU Microcontroller.
• Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Buzzer.
• 12V Battery pack
• Relay.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.

Software’s used:

• Embedded C programming.
• Arduino IDE programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.
• IOT technology.

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In this work, the purpose, functions and topologies of BMS are discussed in detail. In addition, early battery models along with the hardware and system designs for BMS are covered in a literature review. Then, an improved battery model is introduced, and simulation results are shown to verify the model’s performance. Finally, the design of a novel BMS hardware system and its experimental results are discussed. The possible improvements for the battery models and BMS hardware are given in the section on conclusions and future work.

A battery management system (BMS) is proposed which is used for electronic vehicle that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state using NodeMCU microcontroller.

The controlling device of the whole system is NodeMCU microcontroller. The integrated modules to the controller are temperature sensor, Battery pack along with relay, Charger and LCD Module. The NodeMCU measures the voltage from sensor, when any of the battery pack get drained it will switch on the relay for battery charging. Here relay works as a switch to on/off the charging connection.  Node MCU will calculate the battery SOC, SOH values and measure the battery voltage value will be displayed on LCD module as well as it displays the temperature continuously. If the temperature value crosses the set limit, then NodeMCU will active the buzzer for alerts. To achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in embedded C language.

Objectives:

  To design a battery monitoring system using the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller.

  To measure battery voltage continuously for monitoring battery condition.

  To monitor battery temperature using a temperature sensor to ensure safe operation.

  To calculate battery parameters such as State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH).

  To automatically control battery charging using a relay module when the battery voltage becomes low.

  To display battery voltage, temperature, SOC, and SOH values on the LCD display for real-time monitoring.

  To provide a safety alert using a buzzer when the temperature exceeds the safe limit.

  To improve battery safety, efficiency, and monitoring.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• NodeMCU Microcontroller.
• Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Buzzer.
• 12V Battery pack
• Relay.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.

Software’s used:

• Embedded C programming.
• Arduino IDE programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

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The waste materials are crushed into a slurry and separated into solid and liquid components. The liquid waste, rich in organic acids, acts as an electrolyte in a bio-electrochemical setup. Using zinc and copper electrodes, a chemical reaction generates DC voltage, which is stored in a rechargeable battery and used to power LEDs and other low-voltage loads.

To enhance the system, a voltage sensor continuously monitors the generated output. A PIC microcontroller processes the sensor data and transmits it to the ThingSpeak cloud platform through an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. This enables real-time monitoring, remote access, data logging, and performance analysis of the energy generation process.

The proposed system demonstrates how biodegradable waste can be converted into a sustainable energy source while integrating modern IoT technology for smart monitoring. It is suitable for science exhibitions, educational projects, renewable energy research, and low-cost green energy applications.

Objectives:

• To generate electricity from biodegradable kitchen waste.
• To utilize vegetable and fruit waste as a renewable energy source.
• To convert organic waste into electrical energy using electrochemical reactions.
• To monitor the generated voltage using a voltage sensor.
• To transmit energy data to the ThingSpeak cloud using Wi-Fi.
• To enable real-time remote monitoring and data logging.
• To store generated energy in a rechargeable battery.
• To power low-voltage loads such as LEDs.
• To promote waste management and sustainable energy practices.
• To develop an IoT-enabled green energy generation system.

The Major Building Blocks of the project Are:

• Vegetables and Fruits – Source of organic energy.
• Crusher Units – For breaking waste into processable form.
• Containers – To store liquid and solid waste separately.
• Charging Units – Electrochemical cells that generate electricity from organic electrolyte.
• Voltage Sensor – Measures the electrical output of the system.
• PIC Microcontroller – Processes sensor data and manages control logic.
• ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module – Sends sensor data to the internet.
• ThingSpeak Cloud – Stores and visualizes system data online.
• Battery – Stores generated energy for later use.
• LEDs and Voltmeter – Demonstrate real-time output and system status.
• LED Bulb – Final application load powered by battery.

Software’s used:

1. Embedded C programming.
2. PIC Complier for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Block Diagram:

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In this system, solar energy is captured from the solar panel and processed through a MOSFET-based MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) circuit to extract maximum available power. The charging circuit regulates and stores this energy in a rechargeable battery pack. The inverter converts the stored DC power into AC power to drive AC loads. A relay controlled by the Raspberry Pi manages battery charging and load switching operations.

The Raspberry Pi acts as the main controller and performs intelligent energy management by analyzing real-time data from voltage and current sensors. It calculates key battery parameters such as State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH). Based on these parameters, the system automatically controls charging/discharging cycles to improve battery performance and lifespan.

Multiple sensors including solar voltage and current sensors, battery voltage and current sensors, DHT11 (temperature and humidity sensor), and light intensity sensors continuously monitor environmental and electrical parameters. The system also measures PWM signals, efficiency, and overall system performance.

All real-time data such as solar voltage, solar current, battery voltage, battery current, SOC, SOH, temperature, humidity, light intensity, PWM duty cycle, and efficiency are uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud platform for remote monitoring and data visualization. The LCD display shows live system status locally, while a buzzer provides alerts during abnormal conditions such as overvoltage, overheating, or low battery levels.

By integrating AI-based predictive analytics with IoT cloud monitoring, the proposed system enhances energy utilization efficiency, ensures optimal battery health, enables smart load management, and provides real-time remote monitoring. This makes the AI-SEMS highly suitable for smart homes, renewable energy systems, and sustainable power management applications.

Main Objectives:

• To maximize solar energy utilization by implementing a MOSFET-based MPPT controller for efficient power extraction from solar panels.
• To monitor and manage battery health by calculating State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH) using an intelligent Battery Management System (BMS).
• To implement AI-based energy management for optimizing charging, discharging, and load control operations to improve overall system efficiency.
• To provide real-time monitoring and remote access of solar, battery, and environmental parameters through IoT cloud platforms such as ThingSpeak.
• To enhance the reliability and sustainability of renewable energy systems through smart load management, fault detection, and efficient energy storage utilization.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Power supply.
• Raspberry pi.
• SOLAR Panel.
• Charging circuit.
• Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Current sensor.
• Light Intensity Sensor/
• DHT11(temperature & humidity) sensor.
• Buzzer.
• 12v Battery pack.
• Relay.
• LCD display.
• LED Indicators
• MPPT module.
• ESP8266 wi-fi module.

Software’s used in the project:

1. Raspbian OS.
2. Python language.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.
4. Machine learning (ML).

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Solar output is connected to the regulated power supply ensures stable voltage levels, which are monitored using a voltage sensor. Microcontroller will measure the output voltage of solar panel will be display on LCD. Microcontroller based on the solar voltage microcontroller will generate PWM signals to the MOSFET to Buck the voltage to produce the sufficient voltage and current to charge the 4v 1 amp Battery.

The proposed system is ideal for low-power applications and contributes to sustainable energy solutions by efficiently utilizing solar power. It can be further integrated with IoT for remote monitoring and control.

Objectives:

1. To design and develop a solar-powered buck converter system.
2. To harness energy from a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel.
3. To monitor the solar panel output voltage using a voltage sensor.
4. To display the solar voltage on an LCD screen.
5. To use a PIC microcontroller for system control and monitoring.
6. To generate PWM signals for controlling the buck converter.
7. To step down the solar panel voltage to a suitable charging level.
8. To efficiently charge a 4V, 1A rechargeable battery.
9. To improve the efficiency of solar energy utilization.
10. To provide a reliable and cost-effective solar battery charging solution.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. PIC Micro controller.
3. Solar.
4. Reset Button.
5. LED indicator.
6. LCD module.
7. Crystal oscillator.
8. Buck converter.
9. Voltage sensor.
10. 4V,1ah Battery.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

During operation, the sensors measure the electrical parameters of the monitored load. The Arduino Nano analyzes the sensor data and identifies abnormal conditions. When an open circuit or short circuit is detected, the system immediately activates a buzzer and displays the fault status along with the measured voltage and current values on the LCD. Simultaneously, the ESP8266 module uploads the real-time monitoring data and fault information to the ThingSpeak cloud platform for remote observation and data logging.

The proposed system provides both local and remote fault indication, enabling faster maintenance response and improved reliability of electrical installations. The integration of cloud-based monitoring allows historical data analysis, fault tracking, and centralized supervision, making the system suitable for smart energy management, industrial monitoring, laboratory protection systems, and educational applications.

The objectives of the project are:

1. To design and develop an Arduino Nano-based fault identification system for electrical circuits.
2. To continuously monitor voltage and current parameters using voltage sensors and ACS712 current sensors.
3. To detect open-circuit faults and provide immediate fault indication.
4. To detect short-circuit faults and generate instant alerts for system protection.
5. To display real-time voltage, current, and fault status on an LCD display.
6. To provide audible fault notification using a buzzer whenever a fault condition occurs.
7. To transmit monitoring data to the ThingSpeak cloud platform through the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.
8. To enable remote monitoring of electrical parameters and fault conditions via the Internet of Things (IoT).
9. To maintain historical records of voltage, current, and fault events for analysis and maintenance purposes.
10. To improve the reliability, safety, and efficiency of electrical systems through real-time fault detection and monitoring.

The major building blocks of the project are:

1. Regulated Power supply.
2. Arduino NANO Micro controller.
3. LEDs.
4. LCD display with driver
5. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.
6. Buzzer.
7. Voltage sensors.
8. Current sensors.
9. Two Voltage sources.

Software’s used:

1. Arduino IDE Compiler for compiling and dumping the program.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

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To design this project the current transformer, a voltage transformer, ESP8266 module, and a GSM modem are interfaced to Microcontroller. This system automatically finds faults and sending the information to the respective authorities in the form of SMS through GSM. The data will be displayed on the LCD and sensing this data to the user mobile through ESP8266 WI-FI module.

This project makes use of an onboard computer which is commonly termed as microcontroller. This onboard computer can efficiently communicate with the different sensors being used. The controller is provided with some internal memory to hold the code. This memory is used to dump some set of assembly instructions into the controller. And the functioning of the controller is dependent on these assembly instructions. The controller is programmed using Embedded C language.

Major blocks present in this project:

1. Regulated power supply
2. Micro controller
3. GSM Module
4. ESP8266 Module
5. Current Transformer
6. Voltage Transformer
7. LED Indicator
8. Crystal Oscillator
9. Reset Button.

Software’s used in this project:

1. PIC Compiler for Programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

This system also continuously monitors the status of devices connected to it. In this project we are going to monitor the voltage generated by solar panel and temperature of grid. If any abnormal conditions in grid that is automatically sends to user through microcontroller by using Bluetooth module as a communication media. After completion of the command implementation this system sends the confirmation messages back to the calling user.

“Solar power grid status monitoring and alerting with Android smart phone technology” is a modern era automation system where we can control the status of the appliances from any where in the world. Here the devices to be controlled are interfaced with a Bluetooth module, which is capable of receiving instructions in the form of short message service and performs the necessary tasks. The buzzer gives beep alerts.

Objectives:

• To monitor power grid parameters such as solar panel voltage and grid temperature in real time.
• To provide remote monitoring and control of grid-connected devices using an Android smartphone via Bluetooth communication.
• To detect abnormal grid conditions and generate instant alerts to the user.
• To transmit status information and control commands between the smartphone and microcontroller using a Bluetooth module.
• To improve the reliability and safety of power grid operation through continuous monitoring and automated alerting.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. Bluetooth module.
4. Solar panel
5. Charging circuit.
6. Rechargeable battery.
7. Voltage sensors.
8. LCD display.
9. Buzzer.
10. Crystal Oscillator.
11. Reset Button.
12. LED Indicators.

Software’s used:

1. PIC -C for compiling and dumping code into controller
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

video:

This system also continuously monitors the status of devices connected to it. In this project we are going to monitor the voltage generated by solar panel and temperature of grid. If any abnormal conditions in grid that is automatically sends to user through microcontroller by using Bluetooth module as a communication media. After completion of the command implementation this system sends the confirmation messages back to the calling user.

“Solar power grid status monitoring and alerting with Android smart phone technology” is a modern era automation system where we can control the status of the appliances from any where in the world. Here the devices to be controlled are interfaced with a Bluetooth module, which is capable of receiving instructions in the form of short message service and performs the necessary tasks. The buzzer gives beep alerts.

Objectives:

• To monitor power grid parameters such as solar panel voltage and grid temperature in real time.
• To provide remote monitoring and control of grid-connected devices using an Android smartphone via Bluetooth communication.
• To detect abnormal grid conditions and generate instant alerts to the user.
• To transmit status information and control commands between the smartphone and microcontroller using a Bluetooth module.
• To improve the reliability and safety of power grid operation through continuous monitoring and automated alerting.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. Bluetooth module.
4. Solar panel
5. Charging circuit.
6. Rechargeable battery.
7. Voltage sensors.
8. LCD display.
9. Buzzer.
10. Crystal Oscillator.
11. Reset Button.
12. LED Indicators.

Software’s used:

1. PIC -C for compiling and dumping code into controller
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

video:

The controlling device of the whole project is Arduino Nano Microcontroller. These parameters as the input value are fed to the arduino nano and then Arduino upload this parameter values into the thingspeak webpage along with date and time through ESP8266 WI-FI module. To perform the task, Microcontroller is loaded with an intelligent program written in embedded ‘C’ language.

ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of Things (IoT) application and API to store and retrieve data from things using the HTTP protocol over the Internet or via a Local Area Network. This IoT device could measure the SOLAR parameters. It continuously monitors the data and updates them to an IoT platform. We can increase the monitoring techniques by making use of advanced technology. In this project we are making use of technology to sense solar energy efficiency using light sensor and voltage sensors so that efficient services can be provided to the solar systems. The system provides SMS alerts using GSM modem to the predefined number under abnormal conditions of the sunlight intensity.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Monitoring of solar parameters values into the thingspeak cloud.
2. Wireless monitoring using IOT technology.
3. Solar energy is obtained stored into the rechargeable battery.
4. Battery power is used to switch ON the LEDs.
5. SMS alerts under abnormal conditions of sunlight using GSM modem
6. Sunlight intensity detection using light sensor and voltage sensor.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Adapter Power Supply.
• Arduino Nano.
• Solar Panel.
• Charging Circuit.
• Rechargeable Battery.
• LEDs.
• Voltage and current.
• Battery voltage.
• Temperature Sensor.
• Esp8266 Wi-Fi Module.
• Light LDR sensor.
• GSM modem.

Software’s used:

1. Embedded C programming.
2. Arduino ide programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Block Diagram:

video: