In this work, the purpose, functions and topologies of BMS are discussed in detail. In addition, early battery models along with the hardware and system designs for BMS are covered in a literature review. Then, an improved battery model is introduced, and simulation results are shown to verify the model’s performance. Finally, the design of a novel BMS hardware system and its experimental results are discussed. The possible improvements for the battery models and BMS hardware are given in the section on conclusions and future work.

A battery management system (BMS) is proposed which is used for electronic vehicle that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state using PIC microcontroller.

The controlling device of the whole system is PIC microcontroller. The integrated modules to the controller are temperature sensor, Battery pack along with relay, Charger and LCD Module. When any of the battery pack get drained, that battery pack get charged from the charger through relay and the voltage value of each battery pack is displayed on LCD module as well as it displays the temperature continuously. If the temperature value crosses the set limit, then PIC microcontroller active the buzzer for alerts.

The Microcontroller measures the Battery voltage from sensor and based on that it will switch on the relay for battery charging. Here relay works as a switch to on/off the charging connection.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• PIC Microcontroller.
• Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Buzzer.
• Battery pack
• Relay.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.
• LED Indicators
• Crystal oscillator
• Reset button.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

A PIC microcontroller is used as the main control unit, which collects data from the INA219 sensor for voltage and current measurement and the DS18B20 sensor for temperature monitoring. Based on these parameters, the system calculates the State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH) of the battery. The measured values are displayed on an LCD for real-time monitoring.

The system also includes protection features such as over-temperature alert using a buzzer, automatic cooling using a fan, and controlled charging through relay. A DC motor is used as a load to simulate real-time operation. This BMS improves battery efficiency, enhances safety, and extends battery life, making it suitable for electric vehicle applications.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Step Down transformer.
• Charging circuit.
• ARDUINO UNO Microcontroller.
• Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Current sensor.
• Buzzer.
• 12V Battery pack
• Relay.
• LCD display.
• LED Indicators.

Software’s used:

• Embedded C programming.
• Arduino UNO for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

The system makes use of a Microcontroller. The output from soil moisture detecting probes sensor is fed to Microcontroller. The Microcontroller will continuously compare output from probes and reference voltage and generates logic low or high. The output generated from Microcontroller is used to drive a water pump through a Relay switch. And microcontroller will upload the sensor data into the thingspeak cloud through esp8266 wi-fi module also display the sensor data on LCD module. To achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in embedded C language.

The major features of this project are:

• Automatic switching of Water pump.
• Simple electronic circuit.
• Automatic temperature and moisture detection using sensors.
• Using IOT technology to upload the sensor data into the thingspeak cloud.
• Visible alerts using LCD display.

The project provides learning’s on the following advancements:

1. Designing of soil moisture and temperature sensors.
2. Conversion of AC supply to DC supply.
3. Embedded C programming.
4. Relay/TRIAC working principle and need for driver.
5. PCB design.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated Power Supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. Soil moisture sensor.
4. Relay with driver.
5. Crystal oscillator
6. LED Indicators.
7. Temperature sensor
8. Reset
9. ESP8266 WI-FI Module.
10. LCD display.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

The main aim of this project is to design and implementation of GSM based irrigation control system using Arduino and GSM.

The GMS module is connected to Arduino. When the farmer sending a message to turn ON the motor, it will be received by the GSM module. Then GSM module forwards this message as a signal to the Arduino board.

After this, the Arduino will make the relay input HIGH, resulting in turning ON the motor pump and this way our smart irrigation system will start supplying the water to crops.

The procedure remains same while turning OFF the motor. This time the farmer will send a message to turn OFF the motor, and the relay output will be made LOW which is then followed by the shutdown of the water pump. Here relay woks as a switch to ON/OFF the irrigation motor.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Adapter power supply.
2. Arduino UNO Micro controller.
3. Relay
4. GSM
5. LCD display.

Software’s used:

• Arduino IDE programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

A regulated power supply ensures stable operation of the entire circuit, while a crystal oscillator provides accurate clock timing for reliable microcontroller performance. LED indicators are included to display system status such as power ON, call detection, and hooter activation. A reset button allows manual restarting of the system for safety and maintenance purposes.

This land phone enabled hooter system is simple, cost-effective, and highly reliable, making it suitable for applications such as industrial alert systems, emergency notification, security alarms, hospitals, factories, railway stations, and public warning systems, especially in areas where mobile or internet connectivity is unreliable.

The main objectives of this project are:

• To design a system that activates a hooter or siren automatically when an incoming call is received on a land phone.
• To use a PIC microcontroller for reliable detection and control of landline ring signals.
• To provide an instant audible alert for emergency and security applications.
• To ensure safe and isolated operation of the hooter using a relay interface.
• To indicate system status and operation through LED indicators.
• To maintain stable and continuous operation using a regulated power supply.
• To enable easy system restart and fault recovery using a reset button.
• To develop a cost-effective and dependable alert system suitable for areas with limited mobile or internet connectivity.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. PIC Micro controller.
2. Regulated power supply.
3. Relay,
4. LANDPHONE
5. Hooter

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

For implementation of face recognition using pi camera which is interfaced to the raspberry pi. When the user accesses the vehicle door, he/she need to shows the face on camera it is capture the image of the person and check this image with the stored images if it is matched the raspberry pi access the door through Electromagnetic Relay and start the vehicle. Here DC motor as a vehicle engine.

If the user face is did not matched with the stored images, then the raspberry pi active the buzzer and processed with the shock implementation to the unauthorized person. And the raspberry pi takes the location from GPS module and send the SMS to the vehicle owner through GSM in the form of latitude and longitude values. The status of the project is display on LCD module.

The main controlling device of the project is Raspberry pi3 processor. All input and output modules are interfaced to the raspberry pi3 processor. The SD card is a key part of the Raspberry Pi; it provides the initial storage for the Operating System and files.

The features of the project are:

1. Face recognition-based vehicle accessing.
2. Using Pi camera, raspberry pi3 for face recognition.
3. The system provides ELECTRIC SHOCK to the unauthorized user.
4. Audible alerts using BUZZER.
5. Visible alerts using LCD display.
6. Work from anywhere in the world using GSM technology.
7. GPS based vehicle tracking.
8. Electromagnetic relay-based DOOR Unlock system.
9. Using DC motor as a vehicle engine.
10. To achieve this task using Raspberry pi3 processor.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Power supply.
2. Raspberry Pi 3 processor.
3. Hard Disk (SD card).
4. Pi camera.
5. GSM
6. GPS
7. Relay with Door.
8. DC motor as vehicle.
9. Shock(stimulator)
10. LCD display.
11. Buzzer

Software’s used:

1. Python Programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Block Diagram:

video:

This system detects three types of faults line-line fault, open circuit fault, line to line-line.

This proposed model uses the concept of Ohms law to detect the open circuit fault, line-line fault and line to line line, line –mine ground which is quick, reliable and cost effective. This system consists of smoke sensor which detects the combustible smokes .This system consists of ESP8266 WI-FI module to send the data into the thingspeak cloud. If any abnormal condition in system it will alerts the user through buzzer.

This system uses an Arduino microcontroller and a rectified power supply.

Here the current sensing circuits made with a switches combination of resistors are interfaced to Arduino micro controller at ADC port for providing digital data to the microcontroller representing the cable length in kilometers. At every known kilometer fault switches are placed to create faults manually, hence the fault is detects and display on LCD module and activate buzzer for alerts. The fault creation is made by the set of switches. Whenever a fault occurs in a cable then it will trip the circuit through Relay.

The main blocks of this project are:

• Adapter power supply.
• Arduino UNO Microcontroller.
• Fault switches.
• Resistor
• Relay
• LCD with driver.
• Smoke sensor.
• Esp8266 Wi-Fi module.
• Buzzer
• Three phase supply.
• Two poles.

Block diagram:

video:

In the transmitter section, an Arduino UNO drives a MOSFET-based high-frequency inverter powered through a regulated supply and transformer. Four magnetic resonance transmission coils generate a strong oscillating electromagnetic field along the road surface. On the vehicle side, a receiving copper coil mounted at the bottom of the vehicle continuously captures energy from the roadway coils, enabling in-motion charging. The harvested power is regulated through an RPS, monitored via a voltage sensor, and managed by a PIC microcontroller that oversees power distribution, system status display on an LCD, indicator control, motor operation, and safety functions.

The received power is routed through a relay to a TP4056 charging module for safe Li-ion battery charging while the vehicle is in motion. This prototype demonstrates reliable contactless dynamic charging with reduced mechanical wear, improved safety, and uninterrupted vehicle operation. The results validate that magnetic resonance–based DWPT can efficiently supply energy to onboard batteries while allowing continuous monitoring and automated control, offering a promising pathway for next-generation EV charging infrastructures.

Objectives:

  To design and implement a resonant inductive coupling–based Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) system capable of transferring power from stationary transmitter coils to a moving electric vehicle.

  To develop a high-frequency transmitter driver circuit using Arduino UNO and MOSFET-based switching for generating stable oscillating electromagnetic fields.

  To construct and optimize multiple magnetic resonance transmission coils to ensure efficient power delivery across the roadway surface.

  To integrate a receiving coil at the bottom of the vehicle to enable continuous in-motion charging while maintaining alignment tolerance.

  To regulate and stabilize the received power using an RPS and TP4056 charging module for safe charging of the onboard Li-ion battery.

  To implement a PIC microcontroller-based monitoring and control system for battery status, voltage measurement, motor control, safety indicators, and LCD display.

  To evaluate charging efficiency, coil alignment sensitivity, and power transfer capability under static and dynamic vehicle movement conditions.

  To demonstrate the feasibility of contactless, safe, and reliable dynamic charging as an alternative to conventional plug-in EV charging systems.

Components used:

• Regulated Power Supply.
• Four Transmission Copper coils.
• One Receiving Copper coil.
• PIC Microcontroller.
• Arduino UNO microcontroller.
• Control Switch.
• DC motors.
• Li-ION Rechargeable Bttery.
• Relay.
• LCD display.
• TP4056 IC.
• Mosfet driver.
• Voltage sensor.
• Crystal oscillator.
• Reset Button.
• LED indicator.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into PIC Micro controller.
3.  Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

The main objectives of the project are:

• Slowing Down the Vehicle: When the driver applies the brakes, instead of using regular brake pads, the motor of the vehicle acts as a generator to slow the vehicle down.
• Turning Kinetic Energy into Electricity: As the motor slows the vehicle, it converts the car’s movement (kinetic energy) into electrical energy.
• Storing Energy: The electrical energy created during braking is sent back to the battery to store it for later use, helping the vehicle go further without using extra energy.
• Smooth Deceleration: Regenerative braking makes the vehicle slow down more smoothly than traditional brakes, but normal brakes are still used if more stopping power is needed.
• Automatic Battery Management: A microcontroller checks the battery’s charge. If the battery is low, it switches on a charger to recharge it and ensures the motor is powered when needed.
• Designing a Simple System: The project focuses on creating a system that efficiently captures energy during braking and manages the battery’s charge automatically for better performance.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated Power Supply.
• PIC Microcontroller.
• 12v-2amp Li-Ion Battery.
• 2 Voltage Sensors.
• DC Motor along with Gear setup.
• Wheel.
• Uni Directional Current Flow.
• Boost Converter.
• LCD display.
• Relays.
• Crystal Oscillator.
• Reset.
• LED Indicators.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

This project introduces a new type of dc circuit breaker. It uses a short conduction path between the breaker and load as well as mutual coupling to automatically and rapidly switch OFF in response to a fault. The proposed breaker also can have a switch at the output so that it can be used as a DC switch.

The major building blocks of this project are: 

1. PIC Microcontroller.
2. Regulated Power Supply.
3. Two electrically isolated current sensors.
4. Electromagnetic relay.
5. Buzzer.
6. LED Indicators.
7. LCD display.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3.  Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video: