In this work, the purpose, functions and topologies of BMS are discussed in detail. In addition, early battery models along with the hardware and system designs for BMS are covered in a literature review. Then, an improved battery model is introduced, and simulation results are shown to verify the model’s performance. Finally, the design of a novel BMS hardware system and its experimental results are discussed. The possible improvements for the battery models and BMS hardware are given in the section on conclusions and future work.

A battery management system (BMS) is proposed which is used for electronic vehicle that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state using NodeMCU microcontroller.

The controlling device of the whole system is NodeMCU microcontroller. The integrated modules to the controller are temperature sensor, Battery pack along with relay, Charger and LCD Module. The NodeMCU measures the voltage from sensor, when any of the battery pack get drained it will switch on the relay for battery charging. Here relay works as a switch to on/off the charging connection.  Node MCU will calculate the battery SOC, SOH values and measure the battery voltage value will be displayed on LCD module as well as it displays the temperature continuously. If the temperature value crosses the set limit, then NodeMCU will active the buzzer for alerts. To achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in embedded C language.

Objectives:

  To design a battery monitoring system using the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller.

  To measure battery voltage continuously for monitoring battery condition.

  To monitor battery temperature using a temperature sensor to ensure safe operation.

  To calculate battery parameters such as State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH).

  To automatically control battery charging using a relay module when the battery voltage becomes low.

  To display battery voltage, temperature, SOC, and SOH values on the LCD display for real-time monitoring.

  To provide a safety alert using a buzzer when the temperature exceeds the safe limit.

  To improve battery safety, efficiency, and monitoring.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• NodeMCU Microcontroller.
• Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Buzzer.
• 12V Battery pack
• Relay.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.

Software’s used:

• Embedded C programming.
• Arduino IDE programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

The main aim of the project is to design a battery cooling system. The battery cooling system in electric vehicles regulates the temperature of the battery pack and it protect the battery from over heat.

The PIC microcontroller serves as the main controlling unit of the system. A temperature sensor, GSM modem, cooling fan, relay, and LCD display are interfaced with the microcontroller. The PIC continuously monitors the battery temperature through the temperature sensor and displays the measured value on the LCD. When the battery temperature exceeds the predefined safe limit, the microcontroller activates the relay to turn ON the cooling fan, thereby reducing the battery temperature. Simultaneously, it sends an alert SMS to a predefined mobile number through the GSM modem to notify the user about the overheating condition. The relay functions as an electronic switch for controlling the cooling fan. The entire operation is performed automatically based on an Embedded C program stored in the PIC microcontroller.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Monitoring battery temperature on LCD display.
2. High temperature alerts using GSM.
3. Automatic cooling system.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• PIC Microcontroller.
• Temperature sensor.
• Relay.
• Cooling Fan.
• GSM.
• LCD display.
• LED Indicators.
• Crystal oscillator
• Reset button.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

The system utilizes a temperature sensor to monitor transformer oil temperature, an ultrasonic sensor to measure oil levels, an IR sensor to detect intruders, and a reed switch to identify transformer theft attempts. In case of any abnormalities, the system activates a buzzer for immediate alerts and sends an SMS notification to a predefined mobile number using a GSM module. Additionally, the real-time status of the transformer is displayed on an LCD screen. This proactive monitoring approach enhances the safety, security, and reliability of transformers, reducing risks of damage and unauthorized access. To achieve this task microcontroller is loaded program written in Embedded C language.

The main objectives of the project are:

  Real-time Monitoring – To continuously monitor the transformer’s oil temperature, oil level, intrusions, and potential theft using appropriate sensors.

  Early Fault Detection – To identify abnormal conditions such as overheating, low oil levels, and unauthorized access before they lead to major failures.

  Automated Alert System – To send SMS notifications to predefined mobile numbers in case of abnormal conditions using a GSM module.

  Security Enhancement – To detect intruders and unauthorized attempts to tamper with or steal the transformer, triggering an alert system.

  Buzzer Alarm System – To activate a buzzer as an immediate audible warning for on-site personnel in case of detected anomalies.

  User-Friendly Interface – To display real-time status updates on an LCD for easy monitoring and quick assessment.

  Improved Transformer Reliability – To ensure optimal transformer operation by providing timely alerts, thereby preventing damage and reducing maintenance costs.

  Remote Monitoring Capability – To enable remote supervision of transformer conditions through SMS alerts, reducing the need for manual inspections.

The major building blocks of the project are:

1. Regulated Power Supply.
2. PIC Microcontrollers.
3. Temperature sensors.
4. Ultrasonic sensors.
5. IR sensor.
6. Read switch.
7. LCD display.
8. Buzzer.
9. GSM.
10. Reset Button.
11. Crystal
12. LED indicators.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

In addition, the GSM module is used to send instant alert messages to the authorized user or control station regarding the detected fault condition. A relay circuit is incorporated to control the connected load and protect the system during abnormal situations. This project provides reliable, real-time monitoring and quick fault identification, helping to improve power system safety, reduce equipment damage, and ensure uninterrupted operation of the electrical grid.

The main objectives of this project are:

  To design a system for continuous monitoring of grid parameters such as voltage, current, frequency, and temperature.

  To detect power grid failures and abnormal operating conditions automatically using a PIC microcontroller.

  To provide real-time fault indication through LCD display and LED indicators.

  To send instant alert messages to the user using GSM communication technology.

  To protect electrical equipment by controlling the relay during fault conditions.

  To improve the reliability, safety, and maintenance efficiency of the power distribution system.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. PIC Micro controller.
3. LCD display.
4. Buzzer
5. LM358.
6. Three POTs (Voltage, Current Frequency).
7. GSM.
8. Temperature sensor.
9. Relay with AC Lamp.
10. LED indicator
11. Crystal oscillator.
12. Reset Button.

Software’s used in this project:

1. PIC Compiler for Programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

video:

The Raspberry Pi Zero 2W runs a lightweight CNN model (SEmbedNet or LMUEBCNet) trained for ectopic beat classification using preprocessed ECG spectrograms generated via Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). The system classifies heartbeats into categories defined by the ANSI/AAMI EC57 standard, including normal and various arrhythmic conditions (N/S/V/F/Q). The classification result is displayed on an LCD, while the raw ECG signal and classification status are simultaneously visualized on a web dashboard via IoT (e.g., Flask, MQTT, or HTTP server).

The proposed system eliminates the need for cloud connectivity, offering real-time, on-device inference with low latency (~239 ms) and ultra-low power consumption (~0.4 W), making it ideal for wearable and portable health monitoring applications. This solution can effectively transform basic ECG monitors into intelligent diagnostic tools with arrhythmia classification capabilities.

The Arduino UNO is used for monitoring critical health parameters, including ECG, body temperature, and heart rate using the MAX30100 sensor, which measures heart rate and temperature. The Arduino converts the analog sensor data into digital signals, which are then transmitted to the Raspberry Pi through serial communication for further processing.

Additional components include a fall detection sensor to monitor and detect any falls, triggering an emergency alert if necessary. The LCD display provides users with real-time feedback on their health metrics, while the Buzzer alerts users to any abnormal health conditions or emergencies, ensuring immediate attention. An SD card is integrated into the system to store sensor data securely, allowing for later retrieval and analysis. This IoT Thingspeak cloud-based health system combines continuous monitoring, predictive analytics, and emergency prediction to offer timely interventions and improve overall patient care.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Develop a compact and low-power arrhythmia detection system using Raspberry Pi Zero 2W and lightweight CNN models (SEmbedNet or LMUEBCNet) for real-time classification of ECG signals.
2. Acquire and process multi-parameter health data (ECG, body temperature, heart rate, and SpO₂) through Arduino Uno and additional sensors, ensuring accurate digitization and reliable transmission to the Raspberry Pi for analysis.
3. Enable on-device machine learning inference without cloud dependency, ensuring low-latency (~239 ms), ultra-low power consumption (~0.4 W), and suitability for wearable/portable health monitoring devices.
4. Integrate IoT and user interface components such as ThingSpeak/cloud dashboards, LCD display, buzzer alerts, and SD card storage to provide real-time visualization, emergency alerts, and secure data logging.
5. Enhance patient safety and care through continuous health monitoring, arrhythmia classification, fall detection, and predictive analytics for timely intervention and emergency response.

The major building blocks of the project are:

1. Power Supply.
2. Raspberry pi zero 2W.
3. Arduino UNO.
4. DS18B20 Temperature sensor.
5. MAX30100(heartbeat&spo2) sensor.
6. AD8232 ECG sensor.
7. Fall detection sensor.
8. LCD display.
9. Buzzer.
10. SD card.

Software’s used:

1. Python programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.
3. Raspbian OS.

video:

The main objectives of the project are:

• To monitor the stress levels of online workers in real time using IoT sensors.
• To collect physiological data such as heart rate, skin conductivity, and body temperature.
• To analyze the collected data using machine learning on Raspberry Pi Zero 2W.
• To transmit sensor data to the ThingSpeak cloud platform for remote monitoring and data visualization.
• To predict stress conditions and provide suitable care recommendations.
• To display real-time readings and feedback on an LCD screen.
• To promote mental wellness and preventive healthcare among online workers.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Power Supply
2. Raspberry pi Zero 2w.
3. ESP32.
4. Heartbeat sensor.
5. Temperature sensor.
6. GSR sensor.
7. LCD display.
8. Buzzer.
9. SD card.

Software’s used:

1. Python Language.
2. Python IDE software
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

In this work, the purpose, functions and topologies of BMS are discussed in detail. In addition, early battery models along with the hardware and system designs for BMS are covered in a literature review. Then, an improved battery model is introduced, and simulation results are shown to verify the model’s performance. Finally, the design of a novel BMS hardware system and its experimental results are discussed. The possible improvements for the battery models and BMS hardware are given in the section on conclusions and future work.

A battery management system (BMS) is proposed which is used for electronic vehicle that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state using PIC microcontroller.

The controlling device of the whole system is PIC microcontroller. The integrated modules to the controller are temperature sensor, Current sensor, Battery pack along with relays, Charger, transistor with cooling fan and LCD Module. When the battery pack gets drained, it will charge through relays. Here we are using two relays for fast and slow charging. Here DC MOTOR works as a vehicle. While running the vehicle microcontroller will display the voltage and current values on LCD module as well as it displays the temperature continuously. If the temperature value crosses the set limit, then PIC microcontroller active the buzzer for alerts and turn ON the cooling fan. Based on the battery voltage, by using switches we can charge the battery in two modes like fast and slow. Here relay works as a switch to on/off the charging connection. To achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in embedded C language.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• PIC Microcontroller.
• Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Current sensor.
• Buzzer.
• LI-ION Battery pack
• TWO Relays.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.
• Cooling fan.
• LED Indicators
• Crystal oscillator
• Reset button.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

In this work, the purpose, functions and topologies of BMS are discussed in detail. In addition, early battery models along with the hardware and system designs for BMS are covered in a literature review. Then, an improved battery model is introduced, and simulation results are shown to verify the model’s performance. Finally, the design of a novel BMS hardware system and its experimental results are discussed. The possible improvements for the battery models and BMS hardware are given in the section on conclusions and future work.

The controlling device of the whole system is a PIC Microcontroller. The integrated modules to the controller are LM35 temperature sensor, Battery packs along with relays, Charger and LCD Module. When any of the battery pack get drained, that battery pack get charged from the charger through relay and the voltage values of each battery pack and as well as temperature continuously will display on LCD module If the temperature value crosses the set limit, then PIC microcontroller will active the buzzer for alerts. The Microcontroller measures the voltage from sensors and based on that it will switch on the relays for battery charging. Here relay works as a switch to on/off the charging connection.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• PIC Microcontroller.
• LM35 Temperature sensor.
• Three Voltage sensors.
• Buzzer.
• Three battery packs
• Three Relays.
• Three switches.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.
• LED Indicators
• Crystal oscillator
• Reset button.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

In this work, the purpose, functions and topologies of BMS are discussed in detail. In addition, early battery models along with the hardware and system designs for BMS are covered in a literature review. Then, an improved battery model is introduced, and simulation results are shown to verify the model’s performance. Finally, the design of a novel BMS hardware system and its experimental results are discussed. The possible improvements for the battery models and BMS hardware are given in the section on conclusions and future work.

The controlling device of the whole system is a PIC Microcontroller. The integrated modules to the controller are LM35 temperature sensor, Battery packs along with relays, Charger and LCD Module. When any of the battery pack get drained, that battery pack get charged from the charger through relay and the voltage values of each battery pack and SOC value will display on LCD module as well as it displays the temperature continuously. If the temperature value crosses the set limit, then PIC microcontroller will active the buzzer for alerts. Here three switches are used to disconnect the battery voltage manually.

The Microcontroller measures the voltage from sensors and based on that it will switch on the relays for battery charging. Here relay works as a switch to on/off the charging connection. This system monitoring cells’ states, at a particular point in time, is often needed in battery development in order to optimize their use. State-of-Charge (SoC) are key quality indicators as they provide very useful data needed for the optimization of the Battery Management System (BMS).

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• PIC Microcontroller.
• LM35 Temperature sensor.
• Three Voltage sensors.
• Buzzer.
• Three battery packs
• Three Relays.
• Three switches.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.
• LED Indicators
• Crystal oscillator
• Reset button.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

A battery management system (BMS) is proposed which is used for electronic vehicle that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state of charging using Machine Learning algorithm to improve the performance of the designed project. Machine learning and IOT; real-time data from multiple sensors can be analyzed simultaneously, providing a comprehensive view of vehicle health and performance. Machine learning (ML) is the study of algorithms and mathematical models that computer systems use to progressively improve their performance on a specific task. Machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model of sample data, known as “training data”, in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to perform the task.

The Raspberry Pi  measure the SOC (State-of-Charge) from voltage and current sensors and based on that it will switch ON/OFF the relays for Battery charging. Here relay works as a switch to ON/OFF the charging connection. And also, it will display the voltage, current, temperature, SOC values on LCD module. It will activate the Buzzer if the sensor data exceed threshold value. Raspberry pi has an inbuilt WI-FI, which is used to upload the Battery parameters such as voltage, current, temperature and SOC values into the Thingspeak cloud along with date and time.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Adapter power supply.
• Raspberry pi.
• Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Current sensor.
• Buzzer.
• Li-Ion Battery pack.
• Cooling fan.
• Relay.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.
• LED Indicators

Software’s used in the project:

1. Embedded Linux OS.
2. Python language.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.
4. Machine learning (ML).
5. Thingspeak cloud technology.

video: