In Manual Mode, the user controls the street light directly from the Android mobile application using Bluetooth. The user can turn the street light ON or OFF at any time and select the operating mode without physically accessing the lighting system. This mode is useful for maintenance, testing, and special situations where manual control is required.

In Automatic Mode, an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) continuously senses the ambient light intensity. During daytime, the controller automatically switches the street light OFF to save energy, while at night it turns the light ON without human intervention. The mode selection between Manual and Automatic is performed through the Android mobile application, making the system user-friendly, energy-efficient, and suitable for modern smart street lighting applications.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Controlling of street lights through mobile phone.
2. Intelligent switching of street lights based on LDR.

The main building blocks of the project are:

1. Regulated Power Supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. Bluetooth.
4. LDR
5. High power LED street light
6. Reset.
7. Crystal oscillator.
8. LED indicators.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3.  Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

The system makes use of a microcontroller. The output from PIR sensor is fed as input to the microcontroller. The microcontroller will continuously monitor the output from PIR sensor and generates logic low or high. The output generated from PIR sensor is used to control the devices like fan and lights. The system uses LDR sensor for day or night detection and controls the devices like lights. The temperature sensor is used to detect the room temperature and when it raises beyond the limit the speed of the fan can be controlled.

This project makes use of an onboard computer, which is commonly termed as micro controller. It acts as heart of the project. This onboard computer can efficiently communicate with the output and input modules which are being used. The controller is provided with some internal memory to hold the code. This memory is used to dump some set of assembly instructions into the controller. And the functioning of the controller is dependent on these assembly instructions.

The major features of this project are:

1. LDR and PIR based automatic switching of light.
2. Temperature sensor-based fan speed control
3. Simple electronic circuit.
4. Automatic detection of human presence using PIR sensor.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated Power Supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. Reset button
4. Crystal oscillator
5. PIR sensor.
6. Temperature sensor.
7. LDR sensor.
8. DC motor with Fan.
9. Relay with Bulb.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

The rapid growth of precision agriculture demands intelligent monitoring systems that can optimize water usage, improve crop productivity, and reduce energy consumption. This project presents an Energy-Efficient All-Dynamic Multiparameter Sensor System for Battery-Less Smart Nodes in Agricultural Internet of Things (AIoT) using a Raspberry Pi Zero 2W as the central processing unit. The system continuously monitors important environmental parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and light intensity using a Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor, DHT22 Sensor, Rain Sensor, and LDR Module. The status of the project will display on LCD. Here Arduino NANO  works as a ADC converter.

The collected sensor data is transmitted to a web-based monitoring platform, allowing farmers to remotely observe real-time field conditions from anywhere through the internet. To enhance decision-making, the system incorporates Machine Learning algorithms that analyze past and present sensor data to predict future soil moisture levels and weather conditions. Based on these predictions, the system intelligently determines the irrigation requirements of the field.

An automatic irrigation control mechanism is implemented using a relay-driven AC water motor. When the predicted soil moisture level falls below a predefined threshold and no rainfall is expected, the system automatically activates the water motor. Similarly, the motor is turned OFF when sufficient soil moisture is achieved or rainfall is predicted, thereby preventing water wastage and improving irrigation efficiency.

The proposed battery-less and energy-efficient architecture minimizes maintenance requirements while ensuring continuous operation. By integrating IoT, Machine Learning, cloud monitoring, and automated irrigation control, the system provides a smart, sustainable, and cost-effective solution for modern agriculture, helping farmers conserve water, reduce labor, and maximize crop yield.

Objectives:

1. To monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and light intensity using sensors.
2. To display sensor data on a web page for remote monitoring.
3. To display sensor data on LCD for local monitoring.
4. To store sensor data for future analysis.
5. To predict future soil moisture levels using Machine Learning.
6. To forecast weather conditions based on collected sensor data.
7. To automatically control the AC water motor using a relay.
8. To reduce water wastage through smart irrigation.
9. To improve crop growth and agricultural productivity.
10. To minimize human effort in irrigation management.
11. To develop an energy-efficient IoT-based smart farming system.

The major building blocks of the project are:

• Regulated Power Supply.
• Raspberry pi zero 2W.
• Arduino NANO.
• SD card.
• LDR sensor.
• DHT22 sensor.
• Capacitive Soil sensor.
• Rain sensor.
• Relay with AC motor.
• LCD display.

Software’s used:

1. Raspbian OS.
2. Machine Learning.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Block diagram:

video:

In manual mode, the user can control devices such as bulbs, fans, and sockets using a mobile application (Blynk) and Bluetooth-based voice commands. This allows easy and flexible operation without physical interaction. The ESP32 processes commands received from the user and activates corresponding relays to control the connected appliances.

In automatic mode, the system operates based on real-time sensor inputs. A PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor detects human presence, while an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) monitors ambient light intensity. Based on these inputs, the system automatically controls lighting and socket operation. Additionally, the system uses temperature and motion sensing to automatically adjust the fan and socket, improving comfort and reducing power consumption.

For enhanced security, when the PIR sensor detects human presence in manual mode, the system sends an alert email to the house owner, enabling remote monitoring and quick response.

Overall, this system integrates IoT, wireless communication, and sensor-based automation to create a smart home solution that improves safety, reduces power consumption, and provides user-friendly control.

Objectives:

 To control home appliances using ESP32.

 To operate devices using Bluetooth voice commands and the Blynk app in manual mode.

 To develop automatic control using PIR sensor, LDR, and temperature sensor.

 To switch bulb, fan, and socket automatically based on conditions.

 To send email alerts when motion is detected.

 To reduce power consumption and improve convenience.

 To provide a simple and user-friendly smart home system.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated Power supply.
• ESP32 Module.
• Temperature sensor.
• PIR sensor.
• LDR sensor.
• Relays.
• Bulb
• DC fan.
• Three pin sockets.
• Auto/Manual mode.
• Bluetooth.

Software’s used:

• ARDUINO IDE.
• Embedded C language.
• WEB and Bluetooth Technology.

Block Diagram:

video:

The major features of this project are:

  Dual LDR sensors for automatic solar tracking.

  Day/night detection using an additional LDR.

  PWM-based MPPT for efficient battery charging.

  Automatic street light control at night.

  Real-time voltage and PWM display on LCD.

  Renewable energy utilization for power saving.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Solar Panel.
2. Battery Charging Circuit.
3. 12V Battery.
4. Voltage Sensor.
5. PIC Microcontroller.
6. Relay.
7. Street Light.
8. DC Motor.
9. LCD Display.
10. LDR.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

video:

The controlling device of the whole project is Arduino Nano Microcontroller. These parameters as the input value are fed to the Arduino nano and then Arduino upload this parameter values into the Thingspeak webpage along with date and time through ESP8266 WI-FI module. To perform the task, Microcontroller is loaded with an intelligent program written in embedded ‘C’ language.

ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of Things (IoT) application and API to store and retrieve data from things using the HTTP protocol over the Internet or via a Local Area Network. This IoT device could measure the SOLAR parameters. It continuously monitors the data and updates them to an IoT platform. We can increase the monitoring techniques by making use of advanced technology. In this project we are making use of technology to sense solar energy efficiency using light sensor and voltage sensors so that efficient services can be provided to the solar systems. The system provides SMS alerts using GSM modem to the predefined number under abnormal conditions of the sunlight intensity.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Monitoring of solar parameters values into the Thingspeak cloud.
2. Wireless monitoring using IOT technology.
3. Solar energy is obtained stored into the rechargeable battery.
4. Battery power is used to switch ON the LEDs.
5. SMS alerts under abnormal conditions of sunlight using GSM modem
6. Sunlight intensity detection using light sensor and voltage sensor.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Arduino Nano.
• Solar Panel.
• Charging Circuit.
• Rechargeable Battery.
• LM2596.
• LEDs.
• Voltage and current
• Battery voltage
• Temperature Sensor.
• ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module.
• Light (LDR) sensor.
• GSM modem.

Software’s used:

1. Embedded C programming.
2. Arduino IDE programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

The proposed system uses an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with multiple sensors such as a PIR sensor for motion detection, DHT11 sensor for temperature and humidity monitoring, MQ135 sensor for air quality detection, sound sensor for noise level measurement, and LDR sensor for light intensity detection. The collected sensor data is transmitted to the cloud platform using Wi-Fi and stored in the ThingSpeak cloud platform for real-time monitoring and analysis through a web dashboard. When the PIR sensor detects body movement during sleep, a voice module activates and plays pleasant music through a speaker to help the user relax.

The proposed system provides a cost-effective and efficient solution for monitoring sleep conditions and improving sleep quality through IoT-based analysis.

Main Objectives in this project:

1. To monitor the environmental conditions affecting sleep quality using IoT sensors.
2. To measure temperature, humidity, air quality, noise level, light intensity, and body movement during sleep.
3. To transmit the collected sensor data to the ThingSpeak cloud using Wi-Fi for real-time monitoring.
4. To analyze sleep-related environmental data through an online dashboard.
5. To improve sleep quality by playing relaxing music when body movement is detected.
6. To develop a low-cost, smart, and user-friendly sleep monitoring system for better health and comfort.

Components used:

• Adapter Power Supply.
• ESP32 Microcontroller.
• PIR sensor.
• MQ-135 sensor.
• DHT11 sensor.
• SOUND sensor.
• LDR.
• Voice Module.
• LCD display.

Software used:

1. Embedded C programming.
2. Arduino IDE programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

The collected sensor data are processed by the ESP32 and uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud platform, enabling real-time remote monitoring and historical data analysis through web or mobile devices. Based on predefined threshold values, the controller operates relay modules to automate greenhouse functions. Lighting control is achieved using Transistor based on light intensity levels, while a DC water pump is activated according to soil moisture conditions. For nutrient management, two relays control pH correction motors to increase or decrease pH levels, and an additional relay operates an EC dosing motor to regulate nutrient concentration.

This closed-loop automated fertigation system reduces manual intervention, minimizes water and fertilizer wastage, and prevents nutrient imbalance. By combining real-time sensing, automated actuation, and IoT-based cloud monitoring, the proposed system enhances crop yield, improves resource efficiency, and promotes sustainable greenhouse agriculture.

The main objectives of the project are:

• To continuously monitor pH and EC levels for accurate nutrient management.
• To automate irrigation and fertigation based on real-time sensor data.
• To reduce water and fertilizer wastage through precise control.
• To enable remote monitoring using IoT and cloud platforms.
• To improve crop yield and greenhouse sustainability.

The main building blocks of the project are:

1. Adapter Power Supply.
2. Esp32 Microcontroller.
3. DHT11
4. LDR.
5. Soil moisture sensor.
6. PH sensor.
7. EC sensor
8. Lights.
9. Water pump motor.
10. PH-motors.
11. EC motor.
12. Relays.
13. Transistor
14. LCD display.

Software’s used:

1. Arduino IDE Studio Compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

This project makes use of an onboard computer, which is commonly termed as micro controller. It acts as heart of the project. This onboard computer can efficiently communicate with the output and input modules which are being used. The controller is provided with some internal memory to hold the code. This memory is used to dump some set of assembly instructions into the controller. And the functioning of the controller is dependent on these assembly instructions

This project consists of few SUN light sensors (LDR) and a motorized mechanism for rotating the panel in the direction of sun. Microcontroller based control system takes care of sensing sunlight and controlling the motorized mechanism using DC motors. This system works continuously without any interruption. The main controlling device of the whole system is a Microcontroller. Solar panel, L298N, four LDRs, limit switches are interfaced to Microcontroller. To perform this intelligent task, Microcontroller is loaded with an intelligent program written using embedded ‘C’ language.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Tracking sun direction.
2. Automatic starting the system in the morning from start point.
3. DC motor-controlled movement of solar panel.
4. Solar based power generation.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. PIC Micro controller
2. Reset button
3. Crystal oscillator
4. Regulated power supply (RPS)
5. LED indicators
6. Solar cell/plate
7. DC motor
8. Limit Switches
9. LDR sensor

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Microcontroller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

video:

In our project we use high power LEDs as representative of street light. LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light, which is falling on it. It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated. It responds to a large part of light spectrum.

The controlling device of the whole system is a Microcontroller. LDR, MOSFET along with street lights are interfaced to the PIC Microcontroller. Here we are using LDR to check the working of street light. By sending a simple SMS user will turn ON/OF street light using mobile phone. If the street light was not working then the microcontroller sends the alert message through GSM to the respective person. In this, street lights are interfaced to the microcontroller through MOSFET to ON/OFF the street lights based on the received SMS.

The main objectives of the project are:

• Using PIC Microcontroller to achieve the task.
• To detect the fault using LDR sensor.
• Visible alerts using LCD display.
• GSM based street light control system and fault alerting system.

Components used:

1. PIC Micro controller (16F72)
2. Reset button.
3. Crystal oscillator.
4. Regulated power supply (RPS)
5. LED Indicator.
6. GSM.
7. LCD display.
8. Street lights.
9. LDR.

Software’s Used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

video: