In this system, measuring of industrial parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, frequency and then data are transferred to the SCADA central host controller(PIC16F73). And the system detects the earth fault and 3-phase fault which is inter faced to the SCADA central host PIC microcontroller. And also the system consist of IR sensor to detect human presents near by the fencing.

If any parameters value exceed threshold value or else system detects the 3-phase fault or else if the IR sensor detects the person then the breaks the circuit using Relay and also sends the data wirelessly using HC12 wireless communication module. The PIC microcontroller at the receiver section receives the data using wireless HC12 module and accordingly it will send the alert message to the predefine mobile number through GSM in the form of SMS  and also activate the Buzzer. This system monitor the status about fault on LCD module. Here relay works as Supervisory Control to break the circuit. By connecting IOT technology to this project so we can monitor the parameter data on thing speak cloud along with date and time.

This project is also designed to protect the electrical circuitry by operating an Electromagnetic Relay.  This Relay gets activated whenever the electrical parameters exceed the predefined values.  The Relay can be used to operate a Circuit Breaker to switch off the main electrical supply. Here relay works as Supervisory Control to break the circuit.

This project makes use of an onboard computer, which is commonly termed as micro controller.  We use two PIC microcontrollers at transmitter and receiver sections. It acts as heart of the project. This onboard computer can efficiently communicate with the output and input modules which are being used. The controller is provided with some internal memory to hold the code. This memory is used to dump some set of assembly instructions into the controller. And the functioning of the controller is dependent on these assembly instructions.

The objectives of the project include:

1. Sensing different electrical parameters (voltage, current, temperature, frequency).
2. Sensing three phase fault.
3. Using GSM technology to send the alert message.
4. Using IR sensor to detect the person at fencing.
5. Using ESP8266 Wi-Fi module data monitoring onto the thingspeak
6. Producing buzzer alerts (if necessary).
7. Visible alerts using LCD display.
8. Automatic circuit breaking operation done by relay.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated Power Supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. LCD display with driver.
4. Electromagnetic Relay with driver.
5. Temperature Sensor.
6. Voltage Sensor.
7. Current Sensor.
8. GSM Modem.
9. Buzzer with driver.
10. 3-phase fault measuring circuit
11. Crystal oscillator.
12. IR Sensors.
13. LED indicators.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

The proposed system is designed to identify the exact location of cable faults and transmit the fault information to a predefined mobile number using GSM technology. A GPS module is incorporated to obtain the latitude and longitude coordinates of the fault location, which are sent through SMS for quick identification and maintenance.

The system is based on Ohm’s Law. A low DC voltage is applied to the cable through a series resistor network representing the cable length. When a fault such as a line-to-ground short circuit occurs, the current and voltage distribution in the cable changes according to the fault distance. These voltage variations are measured and fed to an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The microcontroller processes the digital data and calculates the fault distance, which is displayed in kilometers on an LCD.

For demonstration purposes, the cable is modeled using a set of resistors representing different cable lengths, and faults are simulated using switches placed at known distances. The system accurately identifies the faulty phase and the corresponding fault distance. Upon fault detection, the microcontroller automatically deactivates the connected load through a relay for safety and sends an alert message containing the fault distance and GPS coordinates to the predefined mobile number via the GSM module.

This system enables rapid fault detection, minimizes repair time, improves maintenance efficiency, and enhances the reliability of underground cable networks.

The main objectives of the project are:

  To detect and locate underground cable faults accurately using the principle of Ohm’s Law.

  To determine the distance of the fault from the base station and display it in kilometers.

  To identify the faulty phase and fault location for quick maintenance and repair.

  To display fault information on an LCD for real-time monitoring.

  To transmit fault alerts through a GSM module to a predefined mobile number.

  To obtain and send GPS coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the fault location for precise tracking.

  To automatically disconnect the connected load using a relay when a fault is detected, ensuring system safety.

  To reduce fault detection time, maintenance cost, and power outage duration in underground cable networks.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. Fault switches.
4. GSM.
5. GPS.
6. LCD with driver.
7. Relay with Bulb.
8. Crystal
9. Reset button.
10. LED indicators.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

video:

It uses an LDR, IR sensor combination to control and guarantee the desired system parameters; the information is transferred point by point using ZigBee transmitters and receivers and is sent to a control terminal (PC) used to check the state of the street lamps and to take appropriate measures in case of failure. If the system detects street light failure it will send the alert SMS to the respective authority through GSM.

If the street light is not stopped after the night, the loss will continue throughout the day. And also, the street light is not necessary when there are no human movements in the street. So, to come out of these disadvantages is introducing a ZIGBEE based street lighting system.

An application will be created for this particular system and by using this application the street light can be operated wirelessly by using ZIGBEE. Whenever the human movements will be occurred beyond the street light then the light will be automatically controlled. After the sunlight has been reduced in the street then the Street light will glow by using a light sensor. By using this project wastage of electricity will be reduced and human effect also reduced.

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1,000,000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light, the resistance drops dramatically.

Thus in this project, LDR plays an important role in switching on the lights based on the intensity of light i.e., if the intensity of light is more (during daytime) the lights will be in off condition. And if the intensity of light is less (during nights), the lights will be switched ON.

Main features of this project:

1. Wastage of electricity will be reduced.
2. Human effect also reduced.

Major blocks present in this system:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. PIC Micro controller.
3. IR Sensors.
4. LDR Sensors.
5. LCD display.
6. Street Lights.
7. Zigbee tx,rx.
8. GSM.
9. PC.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

To design this project the current transformer, a voltage transformer, ESP8266 module, and a GSM modem are interfaced to Microcontroller. This system automatically finds faults and sending the information to the respective authorities in the form of SMS through GSM. The data will be displayed on the LCD and sensing this data to the user mobile through ESP8266 WI-FI module.

This project makes use of an onboard computer which is commonly termed as microcontroller. This onboard computer can efficiently communicate with the different sensors being used. The controller is provided with some internal memory to hold the code. This memory is used to dump some set of assembly instructions into the controller. And the functioning of the controller is dependent on these assembly instructions. The controller is programmed using Embedded C language.

Major blocks present in this project:

1. Regulated power supply
2. Micro controller
3. GSM Module
4. ESP8266 Module
5. Current Transformer
6. Voltage Transformer
7. LED Indicator
8. Crystal Oscillator
9. Reset Button.

Software’s used in this project:

1. PIC Compiler for Programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated power supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

The concept involved in the system is to measure the current flowing in the energy transmission line at sensitive areas, sensitive area is defined as where the transmission lines are passing very near to a village or passing over an agriculture field and people are tapping energy to run the pump sets. At these areas the current is measured with two CT’s (Current transformers), these CT’s are arranged at either side of the sensitive area, in series with phase. Now the current flowing through the CT primary is converted into digital and is fed to microcontroller. The controller displays the current in amps, since two CT’s current is to be measured; two CT are designed with microcontroller unit. CT₁, which is supposed to be installed at starting point of particular zone, can be called as master unit. The CT₂ can be installed at other end of that particular zone, the current flowing through this unit CT₂ is transmitted in digital form. The Arduino will receive this data and displayed onto LCD. The data acquired through wired is compared with master CT1 output and difference is displayed in separated row. The current flowing through both the CT’s is almost equal, line loss is considered, whenever the energy is tapped between the two CT’s, more current is passed through first CT, and the system is programmed such that when the difference is more than3-4% approximately, system energizes the alarm automatically and using relay to on and off the theft. If the system detects energy tapping it will send alert SMS through GSM and activate the buzzer for alerts. The status of the project will display on LCD module.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Automatic identification of energy tapping.
2. Using two CTs to detect the tapping.
3. Visible alerts using LCD display.
4. Audible alerts using BUZZER.
5. GSM based SMS alert.
6. Using ARDUNIO UNO to achieve this task.

The main blocks of this project are:

1. ARDUNIO UNO
2. Regulated power supply (RPS)
3. Crystal oscillator
4. LCD Displays
5. Current transformers
6. GSM module.
7. Buzzer.
8. LED indicators.

Software’s used:

1. Arduino IDE compiler for dumping code into Micro controller.
2. Embedded C Language.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

When the monitored battery voltage falls below the set limit, the system automatically triggers multiple alert mechanisms. A GSM module sends an alert SMS and initiates a phone call to a predefined mobile number, ensuring timely remote notification. Simultaneously, a buzzer is activated to provide an immediate local audible alert. The current battery voltage and system status are displayed on an LCD display through an LCD driver for continuous visual monitoring.

This system is highly reliable and suitable for applications such as battery monitoring, power backup systems, telecom equipment, solar systems, and industrial power management, where early warning of low battery voltage is critical to prevent system failure and equipment damage.

The main objective of this project is:

• To continuously monitor the battery voltage using a voltage sensor.
• To set a voltage threshold using a potentiometer.
• To detect low battery voltage conditions accurately.
• To send alert SMS and make a call using a GSM module when voltage goes below the set limit.
• To activate a buzzer for local alert during low voltage condition.
• To display battery voltage and system status on an LCD.
• To provide a reliable and easy-to-use battery monitoring and alert system.

Components Used:

• Adapter power supply.
• Arduino NANO.
• LCD display.
• GSM
• Voltage sensor.
• POT
• Buzzer

Software’s used:

• ARDUINO IDE.
• Embedded C language.

video:

Objectives

1. To design a three-phase transmission line fault detection system using Arduino UNO.
2. To detect different types of faults such as line-to-line, line-to-ground, open-circuit, over-voltage, and under-voltage faults.
3. To display the detected fault type on an LCD display.
4. To provide alert indications using a buzzer and relay protection system.
5. To monitor transmission line status through a web application using IoT technology.
6. To send fault alert messages to the user through GSM-based SMS communication.
7. To identify the fault location in the transmission line using sensing circuits.
8. To develop a reliable, low-cost, and efficient fault monitoring system.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Adapter power supply.
• Arduino UNO Microcontroller.
• Fault switches.
• Relays.
• Resistors.
• LCD with driver.
• Esp8266 WI-FI module.
• Buzzer
• Three phase supply.
• POT(potentiometer).
• GSM.

Software’s used:

• Arduino IDE for compiling and dumping code into Microcontroller
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

Features:

Crash Detection:

• Uses an ADXL345 accelerometer to detect sudden changes in acceleration, indicating a crash or collision.

  Location Tracking:

• The GPS module tracks the vehicle’s location in real-time, providing accurate coordinates in case of a crash.

  SMS Alerts:

• The GSM module sends an SMS alert to family or emergency contacts with crash details like location and time.

  Data Logging:

• Stores important data such as acceleration, GPS location, and time on an SD card for later analysis.

  Fire Detection:

• A fire sensor detects smoke or fire after a crash and sends an alert if danger is present.

  Vibration Sensing:

• A vibration sensor detects any abnormal vibrations, adding an extra layer of crash detection.

  Real-Time Monitoring:

• An LCD display shows important information like vehicle speed, location, and crash status in real-time.

  Low Power Usage:                

• The system is designed to use minimal power, allowing it to run for long periods without draining the vehicle’s battery.

  Compact Design:

• The system is small and easy to install in any vehicle, with minimal disruption to existing vehicle setups.

  Affordable and Easy to Use:

• The system is built with Arduino, making it cost-effective, easy to customize, and simple to maintain.

The Major Building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated Power Supply.
2. Arduino Microcontroller.
3. GPS Receiver.
4. GSM Modem.
5. LCD with driver.
6. LED Indicators.
7. ADXL 345 sensor.
8. MMC Card.
9. Vibration sensor.
10. Fire sensor.

Software’s used:

1. Arduino IDE compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Block Diagram:

video:

The alcohol and eye blink sensors are used to monitor the driver’s condition, ensuring that the operator is alert and not under the influence. If the driver fails to meet these conditions, an alert is sent, activating a safety protocol. The GSM module allows remote notifications, ensuring quick intervention from authorities if necessary.

The Zigbee transmitter is utilized at the train section to wirelessly transmit data regarding the train’s position, obstacles, and sensor readings to the gate section. At the gate section, a Zigbee receiver captures this information, activating the servo motor to open or close the gate as needed. The gate control system also integrates a buzzer and LCD display for visual and audible notifications.

This system, using Zigbee communication for efficient wireless transmission, L293D motor drivers to control DC motors, and servo motors for gate operation, ensures the safe passage of trains through gates. The integration of these technologies makes it possible to automate railway gates, detect obstacles, and ensure the safety of both the train and its passengers.

Features:

Obstacle Detection: Detect obstacles on the railway track using an ultrasonic sensor to avoid accidents.

Driver Safety: Monitor the driver’s attention with an alcohol sensor and an eye blink sensor to ensure they are alert.

Gate Control: Automatically open and close the railway gate using a servo motor based on the train’s position.

Wireless Communication: Use Zigbee technology for wireless communication between the train section and the gate section.

Remote Notification: Send alerts through the GSM module to notify authorities in case of an emergency or safety concern.

Train Location Tracking: Use GPS to track the train’s location and help control the gate system effectively.

User Interface: Display relevant information like train status and alerts on an LCD screen at both the train and gate sections.

Safety Alerts: Activate a buzzer to signal any critical condition or safety issue in the system.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Battery Power Supply.
2. Arduino Nano Micro Controller.
3. Global Positioning System (GPS).
4. GSM module.
5. Alcohol Sensor
6. Ultrasonic sensor.
7. Eye blink sensor.
8. L293D Motor driver.
9. DC motors.
10. LCD display.
11. Buzzer.
12. Zigbee TX,RX.
13. Servo Motor.

Software’s Used:

1. Arduino IDE studio compiler for dumping program.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

The IR sensor is used to detect road humps, while the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is used to detect potholes by measuring the distance between the vehicle and the road surface. The ADXL345 accelerometer sensor detects uneven road conditions and vibrations. Whenever any abnormal road condition is detected, the vehicle automatically stops and captures images using the ESP32-CAM module. The captured images are stored in the MMC card for future analysis. Simultaneously, the GPS receiver captures the geographical location coordinates of the detected pothole, hump, or uneven road surface, and the GSM modem sends alert messages to a registered mobile number.

In addition, the system includes a sprinkler mechanism that automatically fills potholes temporarily to reduce accidents and improve road safety. The entire system is controlled by the Arduino UNO microcontroller programmed using Embedded C language. This project provides an efficient, low-cost, and smart solution for road monitoring, accident prevention, and maintenance management.

Objectives:

1. To design and develop an intelligent road monitoring system using an Arduino UNO microcontroller.
2. To detect potholes on roads using the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor.
3. To detect road humps using the IR sensor.
4. To identify uneven road surfaces and vibrations using the ADXL345 accelerometer sensor.
5. To capture images of potholes, humps, and damaged roads using the ESP32-CAM module.
6. To store captured images and videos in the MMC card for future analysis.
7. To obtain the geographical location coordinates of damaged roads using a GPS receiver.
8. To send alert messages containing road condition and location details through a GSM modem.
9. To automatically stop the vehicle when abnormal road conditions are detected.
10. To activate the sprinkler mechanism automatically for temporary pothole filling.
11. To improve road safety and reduce accidents caused by potholes and uneven roads.
12. To implement the complete system using Embedded C programming for real-time monitoring and control.

The Major Building blocks of this project are:

1. Battery Power Supply.
2. LM2596.
3. Arduino UNO Microcontroller.
4. GSM Modem.
5. GPS module.
6. IR sensor.
7. DC motors with Relay.
8. Ultrasonic sensor.
9. ESP32 camera.
10. ADXL345 accelerometer.
11. Relay (sprinkler system).
12. LCD display.

Software’s used:

1. Embedded C programming.
2. Arduino IDE Studio programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

video: