The electrical substation which supply the power to the consumers i.e. industries or domestic can have failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent. These faults lead to substantial damage to the power system equipment. In India it is common to observe the failures in supply system due to the faults that occur during the transmission or distribution.

The faults might be LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line), 3L (Three lines) in the supply systems and these faults in three phase supply system can affect the power system. To overcome this problem a system is built, which can sense these faults and automatically disconnects the supply to avoid large scale damage to the control gears in the grid sub-stations.

This system is built using three single phase transformers which are wired in star input and star output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta connections, having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line.

The controlling device of the whole project is PIC microcontroller. A set of switches are used to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side, for activating the tripping mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to a digital pin data which the programmed microcontroller of PIC16F873 would display in accordingly on LCD.

The fault occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase is displayed on a LCD interfaced to the micro controller. An IoT module(ESP8266) is interfaced to the PIC microcontroller to update information to the mobile App in Android mobile.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Three phase Line- neutral Fault detection in three phase systems
2. Tracing of exact line where fault has occurred.
3. Display continuously on LCD.
4. Alerting through Wi-Fi based on IOT technology
5. Audible alerts using buzzer alarm

The project provides learning’s on the following advancements:

1. Fault detection techniques
2. Interfacing LCD and microcontroller.
3. Conversion of AC supply to DC supply.
4. Embedded C programming.
5. PCB design concepts

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. LED indicators.
4. Fault switches
5. Reset
6. LCD with driver.
7. Crystal

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.
4. Proteus for hardware simulation.

Applications:

1. Domestic Line fault monitoring.
2. Three phase industrial protection.
3. Avoids power loss.
4. Avoids unnecessary tariff.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

The system makes use of a Microcontroller. The output from soil moisture detecting probes sensor is fed to Microcontroller. The Microcontroller will continuously compare output from probes and reference voltage and generates logic low or high. The output generated from Microcontroller is used to drive a water pump through a Relay switch. And microcontroller will upload the sensor data into the thingspeak cloud through esp8266 wi-fi module also display the sensor data on LCD module. To achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in embedded C language.

The major features of this project are:

• Automatic switching of Water pump.
• Simple electronic circuit.
• Automatic temperature and moisture detection using sensors.
• Using IOT technology to upload the sensor data into the thingspeak cloud.
• Visible alerts using LCD display.

The project provides learning’s on the following advancements:

1. Designing of soil moisture and temperature sensors.
2. Conversion of AC supply to DC supply.
3. Embedded C programming.
4. Relay/TRIAC working principle and need for driver.
5. PCB design.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated Power Supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. Soil moisture sensor.
4. Relay with driver.
5. Crystal oscillator
6. LED Indicators.
7. Temperature sensor
8. Reset
9. ESP8266 WI-FI Module.
10. LCD display.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

GPS receiver, ADXL335 accident sensor, LCD, Buzzer and an esp8266 wi-fi module is interfacing to the PIC Microcontroller. Microcontroller will continuously monitor the vehicle location from GPS module and sending this location to the user mobile through esp8266 wi-fi module in the form of latitude and longitude values and display the same data on LCD.

Whenever accident sensor detects the vehicle accident microcontroller will take the location of the vehicle from GPS and sending this location along with alert intimation to the user mobile application through IOT and also activate the buzzer for alerts. The status of the project will display on LCD.

Features:

• IOT based continuous monitoring of vehicle location and accident alerting system.
• GPS based location Identification.
• Sending location in the form of latitude and longitude.
• Adxl345 sensor for Accident detection.
• Automatic accident detection and alerting system.
• Visual alerts using LCD.
• Audible alerts using BUZZER.

This project provides exposure to the following technologies:

1. IOT technology.
2. GPS receiver.
3. Interfacing GSM modem and PIC Microcontroller.
4. Interfacing GPS Receiver with PIC Microcontroller.
5. NMEA Protocol implementation.
6. AT commands for esp8266 wi-fi Modem interfacing.
7. Embedded C programming for PIC Microcontroller.
8. PCB designing.

The Major Building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated Power Supply.
• PIC Microcontroller.
• GPS Receiver.
• Esp8266 wi-fi module.
• LCD with driver
• Accident Sensor.
• Buzzer
• LED Indication.
• Reset button.
• Crystal oscillator.

Software’s used:

1. PIC C compiler software for embedded C programming.
2. PIC Kit 2 software programmers for dumping code into PIC Microcontroller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block Diagram:

video:

This system detects four types of faults line-line fault, line -line to ground fault, line to line-line.

This proposed model uses the concept of Ohms law to detect the open circuit fault, line-line fault and line to line line, line –mine ground which is quick, reliable and cost effective. GPS plays a crucial role in this project that retrevies location data ,allowing precise tracking of the system’s fault locations. This system consists of ESP8266 WI-FI module to send the data through IOT to smart mobiles. If any abnormal condition in system it will alerts the user through buzzer.

This system uses an Arduino microcontroller and a rectified power supply.

Here the current sensing circuits made with a switches combination of resistors are interfaced to Arduino micro controller at ADC port for providing digital data to the microcontroller representing the cable length in kilometers. At every known kilometer fault switches are placed to create faults manually, hence the fault is detects ,gps tracker locates the exact location of the fault and display on LCD module and activate buzzer for alerts. The fault creation is made by the set of switches. Whenever a fault occurs in a cable then it will trip the circuit through Relay. If there is no fault then led will off and relay will be in on position.

Objectives:

• Design a three phase fault analysis system.
• It will detect line-line, open circuit line to ground faults.
• Sensor based smoke sensing circuit.
• R,Y,B fault indication using Bulbs.
• Audible alerts using BUZZER.
• Visible alerts using LCD display.
• GPS to track the locations.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Adapter power supply.
• Arduino UNO Microcontroller.
• Fault switches.
• Resistor
• Relay
• LCD with driver.
• Esp8266 Wi-Fi module.
• Buzzer
• Three phase supply.
• GPS

Software’s used:

• Arduino IDE for compiling and dumping code into Microcontroller
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

Block diagram:

video:

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an electronic control technique used to optimize the operating point of renewable energy sources so that they deliver maximum possible power. Unlike mechanical tracking systems, MPPT dynamically adjusts the electrical parameters of the system to achieve optimal power transfer. In this project, a PIC microcontroller serves as the main control unit, continuously monitoring voltage levels from the solar panel, wind turbine, and rechargeable battery using voltage sensors.

Based on the measured parameters, the microcontroller intelligently controls the power flow to the load using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) by using MOSFET, ensuring maximum energy extraction without compromising load performance. The system operates both under no-load and load conditions, and real-time voltage data is displayed locally on an LCD. Additionally, system parameters are uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud platform through an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, enabling remote monitoring and data analysis.

The hybrid solar–wind configuration improves energy availability, reduces dependence on conventional power sources, and ensures continuous power supply in regions with limited grid infrastructure. The proposed system is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, scalable, and suitable for standalone renewable energy applications. The embedded control logic is developed using Embedded C programming, making the system reliable and efficient for real-time operation.

The main objectives of the project are:

  To generate electricity using a hybrid solar and wind energy system.

  To achieve maximum power extraction using MPPT technique.

  To monitor solar, wind, and battery voltage using sensors.

  To control and supply power to the load efficiently using PWM.

  To enable real-time monitoring through LCD and IoT (ThingSpeak).

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. PIC Microcontroller.
3. Solar panel.
4. Wind turbine blades
5. DC motor as generator
6. Voltage sensors.
7. Rechargeable Battery.
8. Crystal oscillator.
9. Reset button.
10. LED Indicators.
11. LCD display with driver.
12. ESP8266 WI-FI.
13. Mosfet

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

• Thingspeak cloud.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block diagram:

video:

Arduino nano microcontroller is employed to generate gating pulses for the converters, monitor system performance, and manage operational modes. Through IoT technology, the user can remotely switch between G2V and V2G modes, ensuring flexible control and monitoring over the internet using ESP8266 WI-FI module. The proposed system ensures efficient energy utilization, enhances grid stability, and enables EVs to act as distributed energy storage units, thereby supporting the development of smart grids and sustainable energy systems.

Modes of Operation There are two basic modes of operation: Grid-to Vehicle(G2V) mode and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) mode.

Grid-to Vehicle(G2V) mode:

In this mode of operation, the vehicle battery is charged from grid. Grid’s AC voltage is rectified to DC by an AC to DC converter operating in the rectifier mode. The output of this converter is fed to the DC link. The DC-to-DC converter operates in buck mode by stepping down the DC link voltage to the required battery charging voltage.

Vehicle-to-Grid Mode of Operation:

In this operating mode, energy stored in the battery is fed back to the grid. The DC voltage from the battery is stepped up using the DC-DC converter operating in boost mode and is then converted to AC using the AC-DC converter operating in the inverter mode and is fed to grid. To feed the power back to grid, output of inverter should be synchronized with that of the grid. Here the proposed grid synchronization technique is using a hysteresis current control.

The major features of this project are:

• Achieve flow of power between power grid and the electric vehicle in both the directions
• Use of Bi directional AC-DC Converter that acts as rectifier and inverter alternatively in two modes respectively
• Use of Bi Directional DC-DC Converter that acts as step down converter and step up converter alternatively in two modes respectively.
• Wireless mode selection using IOT technology.

The major building blocks of this project:

• Utility Grid
• AC-DC Bidirectional Converter.
• DC-DC Bidirectional Converter.
• Vehicle Battery.
• NodeMCU Microcontroller.
• Power Supply.
• LED indicator.
• ESP8266 WI-FI Module.

Software’s used:

1. Arduino IDE programmers for dumping code into Microcontroller.
2. Embedded C programming.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Block Diagram:

video:

This proposed model uses the concept of Ohms law to detect the open circuit fault, line-line fault and line -ground fault which is quick, reliable and cost effective. This system consists of ESP8266 module which has an inbuilt wi-fi and which is used for sending alert notification to the user mobile using twilio APP. This system consists of POT (potentiometer) is used to change the voltage from LOW to HIGH. If the system detects any fault, it will alert the user through buzzer. This system uses an Arduino microcontroller and a rectified power supply.

Here the current sensing circuits made with a switches combination of resistors are interfaced to Arduino micro controller at ADC port for providing digital data to the microcontroller representing the cable length in kilometers. At all known kilometer fault switches are placed to create faults manually, hence the fault is detecting, a particular fault type name will be display on LCD and activate buzzer for alerts also sending alert notification to the user mobile through twilio mobile application. The fault creation is made by the set of switches. Whenever it will detect the over / under voltage it will trip the circuit through Relay which is indicate as particular phase through Bulb. The main controlling device of the project is Arduino UNO. To achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in embedded C language.

Objectives:

• Design a three-phase fault detection system.
• It will detect line-line, open circuit, line-ground and over/under voltage faults.
• IOT based fault notification to the user using twilio.
• Over/Under voltage protection.
• Alert fault indication using BUZZER.
• Display the fault name on LCD display.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Adapter power supply.
• Arduino UNO Microcontroller.
• Fault switches.
• Resistor.
• Relay.
• LCD with driver.
• Esp8266 WI-FI module.
• Buzzer
• Three phase supply.
• POT(potentiometer).

Software’s used:

• Arduino IDE for compiling and dumping code into Microcontroller
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

video:

This onboard computer consists of number of input and output ports. The onboard computer is commonly termed as micro controller. The input and output port of the micro controller are interfaced with different input and output modules depending on the requirements. In other words, micro controller acts as a communication medium for all the modules involved in the project.

The controlling device of the whole system is a Microcontroller. WI-FI module and Stepper motor are interfaced to the Microcontroller. Whenever the person entered the password in his mobile’s keypad. The Wi-Fi module is received the password and feds as input to Microcontroller. The Microcontroller validates the password. If the password is valid it opens the door which is linked to the stepper motor interfaced to the Controller. When the system detects wrong password, it will activate the buzzer. The Microcontroller used in the project is programmed using Embedded ‘C’ language.

The main objectives of the project are:

1. Real time authentication system through password feature.
2. Usage of IOT technology.
3. Stepper motor based door operation

This project provides exposure to the following technologies:

1. IOT technology.
2. Interfacing WI-FI module with microcontroller.
3. Embedded C programming.
4. Design of PCB.
5. Stepper motor working principle and need for driver circuit.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. Esp8266 Wi-Fi module.
3. Microcontroller
4. Crystal
5. Reset
6. Stepper motor with driver
7. LED Indicators.

Software’s used:

1. PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
3. Express SCH for Circuit design.

Block Diagram:

video:

The use of green energy is becoming increasingly more important in today’s world. Therefore, electric vehicles are currently the best choice for the environment in terms of public and personal transportation. Because of its high energy and current density, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles. Unfortunately, lithium-ion batteries can be dangerous if they are not operated within their Safety Operation Area (SOA). Therefore, a battery management system (BMS) must be used in every lithium-ion battery, especially for those used in electric vehicles.

A battery management system (BMS) is proposed which is used for electronic vehicle that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring its state of charging and state of health using IOT to improve the performance of the designed project.

The microcontroller measures the SOC (State-of-Charge)  from voltage sensors and based on that it will switch ON/OFF the relays for battery charging. Here relay works as a switch to ON/OFF the charging connection. And also, it will display the each battery voltage, temperature, SOC  values on LCD module and also sending this data into the thingspeak through wi-fi. It will activate the buzzer if the sensor data exceed threshold value. If the temperature value crosses the set limit it will switch ON the cooling fan for maintaining the temperature. The main controlling device of the project is PIC Microcontroller which loaded program written in embedded C language.

The major building blocks of this project are:

• Regulated power supply
• PIC Microcontroller.
• Ds18b20 Temperature sensor.
• Voltage sensor.
• Buzzer.
• Three li-ion battery packs.
• Three Relays.
• Charging Circuit.
• LCD display.
• LED Indicators
• Crystal oscillator
• Reset button.
• ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.
• Load(DC motor).
• Cooling fan.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

TECHNOLOGY USED:

• IOT thingspeak technology.

Block diagram:

video:

The existing fire detection system detects the fire by using a fire sensor, but our proposed system is different from that. The existing systems are with fire alarms and alerts by raising alarm when the fire was detected. The proposed system contains the IoT based fire alarm system at work places. This proposed system sends the blynk notifications to the user mobile.

In this project, we are interfaced flame sensor and Buzzer to the PIC microcontroller. When the flame was detected by the sensor these data is process to the microcontroller. Then microcontroller will active the Buzzer for alerts and also send the blynk notification to the user mobile.

The major features of this project are:

• To design and develop a flame detection and alert system using a PIC microcontroller.
• To activate a buzzer automatically to provide an immediate local alert when fire is detected.
• To send instant fire alert notifications to the user’s mobile phone using the Blynk IoT platform.
• To enhance safety by enabling remote monitoring and timely warning of fire hazards.

The major building blocks of this project are:

1. Regulated power supply.
2. PIC Microcontrollers.
3. Wi-Fi module.
4. FIRE sensor.
5. Buzzer.
6. Reset.
7. Crystal oscillators.
8. LED indicators.

Software’s used:

• PIC-C compiler for Embedded C programming.
• PIC kit 2 programmer for dumping code into Micro controller.
• Express SCH for Circuit design.

Regulated Power Supply:

Block diagram:

video: