The collected sensor data are processed by the ESP32 and uploaded to the ThingSpeak cloud platform, enabling real-time remote monitoring and historical data analysis through web or mobile devices. Based on predefined threshold values, the controller operates relay modules to automate greenhouse functions. Lighting control is achieved using Transistor based on light intensity levels, while a DC water pump is activated according to soil moisture conditions. For nutrient management, two relays control pH correction motors to increase or decrease pH levels, and an additional relay operates an EC dosing motor to regulate nutrient concentration.

This closed-loop automated fertigation system reduces manual intervention, minimizes water and fertilizer wastage, and prevents nutrient imbalance. By combining real-time sensing, automated actuation, and IoT-based cloud monitoring, the proposed system enhances crop yield, improves resource efficiency, and promotes sustainable greenhouse agriculture.

The main objectives of the project are:

• To continuously monitor pH and EC levels for accurate nutrient management.
• To automate irrigation and fertigation based on real-time sensor data.
• To reduce water and fertilizer wastage through precise control.
• To enable remote monitoring using IoT and cloud platforms.
• To improve crop yield and greenhouse sustainability.

The main building blocks of the project are:

1. Adapter Power Supply.
2. Esp32 Microcontroller.
3. DHT11
4. LDR.
5. Soil moisture sensor.
6. PH sensor.
7. EC sensor
8. Lights.
9. Water pump motor.
10. PH-motors.
11. EC motor.
12. Relays.
13. Transistor
14. LCD display.

Software’s used:

1. Arduino IDE Studio Compiler for Embedded C programming.
2. Express SCH for Circuit design.

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